Board of Trustees

The independent Board of Trustees of The Putnam Funds is responsible for the general oversight of each fund's business and for helping to protect the interests of shareholders.

Trustees and fund performance |
The Trustees periodically review each fund's investment performance and the quality of other services such as administration, custody, and investor services.

Trustees and fees and expenses |
At least annually, the Trustees review the fees paid to Putnam Management and its affiliates for these services and the overall level of each fund's operating expenses.

Trustee administration |
In carrying out their responsibilities, the Trustees are assisted by an independent administrative staff and by auditors and legal counsel, which are selected by the Trustees and are independent of Putnam Management and its affiliates.

Liaquat Ahamed

Born 1952
Trustee since 2012

Principal occupations during past five years:

Author; won Pulitzer Prize for Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World.

Other directorships:

Chairman of the Sun Valley Writers Conference, a literary not-for-profit organization; and a Trustee of the Journal of Philosophy.

Barbara M. Baumann

Born 1955
Vice Chair since 2022
Trustee since 2010

Principal occupations during past five years:

President of Cross Creek Energy Corporation, a strategic consultant to domestic energy firms and direct investor in energy projects.

Other directorships:

Director of Devon Energy Corporation, a publicly traded independent natural gas and oil exploration and production company; Director of National Fuel Gas Company, a publicly traded energy company that engages in the production, gathering, transportation, distribution, and marketing of natural gas; Senior Advisor to the energy private equity firm First Reserve; Member of the Finance Committee of the Children's Hospital of Colorado; Member of the Investment Committee of the Board of The Denver Foundation; and previously a Director of publicly traded companies Buckeye Partners LP, UNS Energy Corporation, CVR Energy Company, and SM Energy Corporation.

Catharine Bond Hill

Born 1954
Trustee since 2017

Principal occupations during past five years:

Managing Director of Ithaka S+R (a not-for-profit service that helps the academic community navigate economic and technological change). From 2006 to 2016, the 10th president of Vassar College.

Other directorships:

Director of Yale-NUS College and Trustee of Yale University.

Katinka Domotorffy

Born 1975
Trustee since 2012

Principal occupations during past five years:

Voting member of the Investment Committees of the Anne Ray Foundation and Margaret A. Cargill Foundation, part of the Margaret A. Cargill Philanthropies.

Other directorships:

Director of the Great Lakes Science Center and of College Now Greater Cleveland.

Kenneth R. Leibler

Born 1949
Trustee since 2006, Vice Chair from 2016 to 2018, and Chair since 2018

Principal occupations during past five years:

Vice Chairman Emeritus of the Board of Trustees of Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital in Boston. Member of the Investment Committee of the Boston Arts Academy Foundation.

Other directorships:

Director of Eversource Corporation, which operates New England's largest energy delivery system; previously the Chairman of the Boston Options Exchange, an electronic marketplace for the trading of listed derivatives securities; previously the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Boston Stock Exchange; and previously the President and Chief Operating Officer of the American Stock Exchange.

Jennifer Williams Murphy

Born 1964
Trustee since 2022

Principal occupations during past five years:

Chief Executive Officer and Founder of Runa Digital Assets, LLC, an institutional investment advisory firm specializing in active management of digital assets. Until 2021, Chief Operating Officer of Western Asset Management, LLC, a global investment adviser, and Chief Executive Officer and President of Western Asset Mortgage Capital Corporation, a mortgage finance real estate investment trust.

Other directorships:

Previously, a Director of Western Asset Mortgage Capital Corporation.

Marie Pillai

Born 1954
Trustee since 2022

Principal occupations during past five years:

Senior Advisor, Hunter Street Partners, LP, an asset-oriented private investment firm; Specialty Leader and Member of the Curriculum Committee of the Center for Board Certified Fiduciaries, a public benefit corporation providing coursework for developing fiduciaries. Until 2019, Vice President, Chief Investment Officer, and Treasurer of General Mills, Inc., a global food company.

Other directorships:

Member of the Investment Committee of the Bush Foundation, a nonprofit organization supporting community problem-solving in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota; Member of the Finance Council and Corporate Board of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis; Director of Choice Bank, a private community bank based in North Dakota; and previously a Board Member of Catholic Charities of St. Paul and Minneapolis; former Director of the Catholic Community Foundation of Minnesota; and former Investment Advisory Board Member of the University of Minnesota.

George Putnam III

Born 1951
Trustee since 1984

Principal occupations during past five years:

Chairman of New Generation Research, Inc., a publisher of financial advisory and other research services, and President of New Generation Advisors, LLC, a registered investment adviser to private funds.

Other directorships:

Director of The Boston Family Office, LLC, a registered investment advisor; a Director of the Gloucester Marine Genomics Institute; a Trustee of the Lowell Observatory Foundation; and previously a Trustee of the Marine Biological Laboratory.

Manoj Singh

Born 1952
Trustee since 2017

Principal occupations during past five years:

Until 2015, Chief Operating Officer and Global Managing Director at Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, Ltd., a global professional services organization, serving on the Deloitte U.S. Board of Directors and the boards of Deloitte member firms in China, Mexico, and Southeast Asia.

Other directorships:

Director of ReNew Energy Global Plc, a publicly traded renewable energy company; Director of Abt Associates, a global research firm working in the fields of health, social and environmental policy, and international development; Trustee of Carnegie Mellon University; Director of Pratham USA, an organization dedicated to children's education in India; member of the Advisory Board of Altimetrik, a business transformation and technology solutions firm; and Director of DXC Technology, a global IT services and consulting company.

Mona K. Sutphen

Born 1967
Trustee since 2020

Principal occupations during past five years:

Partner, Investment Strategies, at The Vistria Group, a private investment firm focused on middle-market companies in the health care, education, and financial services industries. From 2014 to 2018, Partner at Macro Advisory Partners, a global consulting firm.

Other directorships:

Director of Spotify Technology S.A., a publicly traded audio content streaming service; Director of Unitek Learning, a private nursing and medical services education provider in the United States; Board Member, International Rescue Committee; Co-Chair of the Board of Human Rights First; Trustee of Mount Holyoke College; Member of the Advisory Board for the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs; previously Director of Pattern Energy and Pioneer Natural Resources, publicly traded energy companies; and previously Managing Director of UBS AG.

Interested Trustees

Robert L. Reynolds

Born 1952
Trustee since 2008

Principal occupations during past five years:

Chair of Great-West Lifeco U.S. LLC. Prior to 2019, also President and Chief Executive Officer of Great-West Financial, a financial services company that provides retirement savings plans, life insurance, and annuity and executive benefits products, and of Great-West Lifeco U.S. LLC, a holding company that owns Putnam Investments and Great-West Financial, and a member of Great-West Financial's Board of Directors. Until 2023, President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Investments, President and Chief Executive Officer of Putnam Management, and member of Putnam Investments' Board of Directors.

Other directorships:

Director of the Concord Museum; Director of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Director of the U.S. Ski & Snowboard Foundation; Chair of the Boston Advisory Board of the American Ireland Fund; Council Co-Chair of the American Enterprise Institute; Member of U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Center for Capital Markets Competitiveness; Chair of Massachusetts High Technology Council; Member of the Chief Executives Club of Boston; Member of the Massachusetts General Hospital President's Council; Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Ron Burton Training Village; Director and former Chair of the Massachusetts Competitive Partnership; former Chair of the West Virginia University Foundation; and former Executive Committee Member of Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce.

Jane E. Trust

Born 1962
Trustee since 2024

Principal occupations during past five years:

Since 2020, Senior Vice President, Fund Board Management, of Franklin Templeton. Since 2015, Officer and/or Trustee/Director of 127 funds associated with Legg Mason Partners Fund Advisor, LLC ("LMPFA") or its affiliates, and President and Chief Executive Officer of LMPFA. From 2018 to 2020, Senior Managing Director of Legg Mason & Co., LLC ("Legg Mason & Co."). From 2016 to 2018, Managing Director of Legg Mason & Co. In 2015, Senior Vice President of LMPFA.

Other directorships:

None.